NetworkMan: sure, a atmospheric four-cylinder petrol engine with indirect injection and at least 1.5 liters is an unrivaled unique item today.
But probably the Toyota system will be the best:
Toyota uses the so-called D-4S dual injection system, which combines direct fuel injection (DI) and indirect injection into the intake manifold (MPI).
How it works in practice:
Low load and cold engine → indirect injection (MPI) is used. Fuel is injected before the intake valve, which helps keep the valves clean and improves fuel evaporation during cold starts.
High load and higher rpm → direct injection (DI) delivers fuel directly into the combustion chamber, which increases power, reduces the risk of knocking and improves efficiency.
Combination of both modes → the engine control unit combines both methods as needed to achieve optimal fuel consumption, performance and emissions.
Benefits:
lower fuel consumption
cleaner combustion and lower emissions
higher power under load
less intake valve fouling than with pure direct injection engines
