On older cars,where I may have had the oil and oil filter type servicing done by an independent garage, I always changed (or didnt change) the air filter and pollen filter myself based on a visual inspection I made myself at about the same time as the service. Its normally quite easy. This way they got more frequent inspections, but sometimes it was quite obvious they didnt yet need changing. A few times I may have sucked a few insects from the cabin filter with a hoover and only replaced it next time. But I was more cautious with the air filter,changing it at the specified interval "whether it needed it or not". Fine particles might have clogged sophisticated filter material.
I learned two things. Servicing garages sometimes skimp on changing filters even if they have charged you for it. And some after market filters (including oil filters) are sometimes made from noticeably inferior filter material to OE quality products.
Replacement intervals has a lot do with the environment and the seasons rather than time intervals. If you live somewhere with lots of dust, or lots of flying insects, air filter and cabin filter will get more crud per mile/kilometer driven. If the car is regularly parked near trees and bushes the cabin filter may get more than its fair share of accumulated pollen and fine fluff etc. A car thats seldom used the filters may get damp which may more easily get clogged with dirt (ironically because its filtering out more dust) or they become mouldy or musty or may suck in spiders and other insects nesting in a parked car.