You'll probably need to seal the leak from the outside for it to be successful, otherwise it will just find another way in. Have a look at the thread culzean linked to about fixing the rear gutter leaks.
Just a bit of a comment, after looking at the photos. That seam sealer is very close to the windscreen, and it's possible that the leak is under the windscreen bond.
Once you scrape out the old sealer, if you find corrosion underneath, right up to the windscreen glass, you may have a problem. If you can lift the windscreen trim, you might be able to see if there is any corrosion also creeping along the top edge of the glass.
If the corrosion is under the windscreen bond and is creeping rearwards under the roof gutter sealer, you should be able to seal it, but it will most likely only be a temporary repair. The only permanent fix will be to remove the windscreen, treat the rust and refit the windscreen.
This is just speculative, as you can't really tell from the photos, but I have seen this before where a windscreen has been replaced and the fitter has left bare metal around the bead of the windscreen bond.
I hope it is just the roof gutter seam that's failed, fingers crossed.